Imaginative Apologetics: A Proposal for Apologetics in Postmodern Context

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.36421/veritas.v20i1.357

Keywords:

James K.A. Smith, Alister McGrath, Christina M. Gschwandtner, Classical Apologetics, Evidential Apologetics, Imaginative Apologetics, Postmodernism

Abstract

For a long time, classical and evidential apologetics have been firmly established as a way of defending the Christian faith. However, postmodernism appears to criticize the use of absolute verification tools for faith claims. Nevertheless, James K.A. Smith and Alister McGrath see postmodernism as a friend rather than foe, opportunity rather than a challenge. Therefore, paying attention to important criticisms of the spirit of postmodernism will actually help the church to answer the demands of postmodernism itself. This article proposes an imaginative apologetics approach as a solution to answer this criticism. In contrast to classical or evidential apologetics, this apologetics tends to use imagination more than before in efforts to account for the Christian faith. When apologetics accepts dry accusations and seems to override existential aspects that actually dwell in humans, imaginative apologetics can be a proposed solution to avoid these accusations. Two implications emerge from this reasoning. First, in apologetic dialogues, an apologist must use more imaginative rhetorical tools. Second, the church must help listeners get an imaginative presentation of what it’s like to live as a Christian by presenting them with stories of everyday Christian life. Thus, instead of the church using apologetics, the church is apologetics itself.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Anderson, Tawa. “Apologetics, Imagination, and Imaginative Apologetics.” Trinity Journal of Theology 34 no.2 (2013): 229–251.

Bird, Alexander. “Thomas Kuhn.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Agustus 11, 2011. Diakses 24 Maret 2020. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/thomas-kuhn.

Block, Matthew. “The Christian Imagination: An Interview with Gene Veith,” CanadianLutheran.ca, Mei 28 2014, diakses 4 Maret 2020, https://www.canadianlutheran.ca/the-christian-imagination-an-interview-with-gene-veith/.

Cowan, Steven B., ed. Five Views on Apologetics. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2000. Kindle.

Craddock, Fred B. First and Second Peter and Jude. Westminster Bible Companion. Louisville: John Knox, 1995.

Craig, William Lane. “Classical Apologetics.” Dalam Five Views on Apologetics, diedit oleh Steven B. Cowan. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2000. Kindle.

Craig, William Lane. Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics. Ed. ke-3. Wheaton: Crossway, 2008.

Critchley, Simon dan Timothy Mooney. “Deconstruction and Derrida.” Dalam Continental Philosophy in the 20th Century, diedit oleh Richard Kearney, 365–391. Routledge History of Philosophy 8. London: Taylor & Francis, 2005. PDF ebook.

Derrida, Jacques. Limited Inc. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1988.

Docherty, Thomas. “Postmodernist Theory: Lyotard, Baudrillard, and Others.” Dalam Continental Philosophy in 20th Century, diedit oleh Richard Kearney, 392–417. Routledge History of Philosophy 8. London: Taylor & Francis, 2005. PDF ebook.

Fesko, J. V. Reforming Apologetics: Retrieving the Classic Reformed Approach to Defending the Faith. Grand Rapids: Baker Academics, 2019.

Foucault, Michel. Discipline & Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Terj. Alan Sheridan. New York: Vintage, 1977.

Frame, John M., Joseph E. Torres, dan Vern S. Poythress. Apologetics: A Justification of Christian Belief. Phillipsburg: P&R, 2015.

Geisler, Norman L., ed. Baker Encyclopedia of Christian Apologetics. Ed. ke-2. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2002.

Geisler, Norman L. dan Frank Turek. I Don’t Have Enough Faith to be an Atheist. Terj. Christine L. W. Emma. Malang: Literatur SAAT, 2016.

Green, Garrett. Imagining God: Theology and The Religious Imagination. San Fransisco: Harper & Row, 1989.

Groothuis, Douglas. Truth Decay: Defending Christianity Against the Challenges of Postmodernism. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 2001.

Gschwandtner, Christina M. Postmodern Apologetics: Arguments for God in Contemporary History. New York: Fordham University Press, 2013.

Guting, Garry. “Michel Foucault.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Mei 22, 2013. Diakses 24 Maret 2020. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/foucault.

Habermas, Gary. “Evidential Apologetics.” Dalam Five Views on Apologetics, diedit oleh Steven B. Cowan, bab 2. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2000. Kindle.

Hedley, Douglas. Living Forms the Imagination. London: Clark, 2008.

Hovey, Craig. “Christian Ethics as Good News.” Dalam Imaginative Apologetics: Theology, Philosophy, and the Catholic Tradition, diedit oleh Andrew Davison, 98–112. Grand Rapids: Baker Academics, 2011.

Jobes, Karen H. 1 Peter. Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2005.

Kapic, Kelly M. dan Bruce L. McCormack., ed. Mapping Modern Theology: A Thematic and Historical Introduction. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2012.

Koukl, Gregory. Tactics: Rancangan Permain-an Untuk Mendiskusikan Keyakinan dan Nilai-nilai Kristen Anda. Terj. Zadok Elia. Malang: Literatur SAAT, 2013.

Kuhn, Thomas S. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Ed. ke-2. International Encyclopedia of Unified Science 2. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1970.

Lazenby, Donna J. “Apologetics, Literature, and Worldview.” Dalam Imaginative Apologetics: Theology, Philosophy, and the Catholic Tradition. Ed. Andrew Davison. Grand Rapids: Baker Academics, 2011.

Leithart, Peter. “Apologetics in a Secular Age.” Patheos. Mei 9, 2016. Diakses 24 Maret 2020, http://www.patheos.com/blogs/leithart/2016/05/apologetics-in-a-secular-age.

Lewis, C. S. Surprised by Joy: The Shape of My Early Life. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1955.

Lewis, C. S. Kekristenan Asali. Judul asli Mere Christianity. Terj. Grace P. Christian. Bandung: Pionir Jaya, 2006.

Lyotard, Jean-Francois. The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge. Terj. G. Bennington and B. Masummi. Theory and History of Literature 2. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984.

Markos, Louis. Apologetics for the 21st Century. Wheaton: Crossway, 2010.

McGrath, Alister E. Mere Apologetics: How to Help Seekers & Skeptics Find Faith. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2012.

Michaels, J. Ramsey. 1 Peter. Word Biblical Commentary 49. Waco: Word Books, 1988.

Milbank, John. “Kata Pengantar.” Dalam Imaginative Apologetics: Theology, Philosophy, and the Catholic Tradition. Ed. Andrew Davison.Grand Rapids: Baker Academics, 2011.

Morris, John D. “The Modern Apologist.” Institute for Creation Research. 1 Desem-ber 2007. Diakses 25 Februari 2020. https://www.icr.org/article/modern-apologist/.

Murphy, Francesca Aran. “In Defence of Imaginative Apologetics.” Louvain Studies 34 (2010): 146–168, http://doi.org/10.2143/LS.34.2.2118198.

Ordway, Holly. Apologetics and Christian Imagination: An Integrated Approach to Defending the Faith. Steubenville: Emmaus Road, 2017.

Penner, Myron B. The End of Apologetics: Christian Witness in a Postmodern Context. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2013.

Phillips, Timothy Ross dan Dennis L. Okholm, ed. Christian Apologetics in the Postmodern World. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1995.

Ryken, Leland, Ed. The Christian Imagination: The Practice of Faith in Literature and Writing. Colorado Springs: Waterbrook, 2015.

Schaeffer, Francis A. How Should We Then Live. Fleming H. Revell, 1976.

Schaeffer, Francis A. Allah yang Ada di Sana: Menyampaikan Kekristenan Historis pada Masa Kini. Terj. Junedy Lee. Surabaya: Momentum, 2011.

Silva, Moises, Ed. “απολογεομαι.” Dalam New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology and Exegesis, vol. 1, Α-Δ. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2014.

Smith, James K. A. “A Little Story About Metanarratives: Lyotard, Religion, and Postmodernism Revisited.” Dalam Christianity and the Postmodern Turn: Six Views, diedit oleh Myron B. Penner, bab 5. Grand Rapids: Brazos, 2005.

Smith, James K. A. Who’s Afraid of Postmodernism?: Taking Derrida, Lyotard, and Foucault to Church. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2006.

Smith, James K. A. Desiring the Kingdom: Worship, Worldview, and Cultural Formation. Cultural Liturgies 1. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2009.

Smith, James K. A. “What Galileo’s Telescope Can’t See.” Christianity Today. September 28, 2012. Diakses 24 Maret 2020. https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2012/september/what-galileos-telescope-cant-see.html.

Smith, James K. A. Imagining the Kingdom: How Worship Works. Cultural Liturgies 2. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2013.

Smith, James K. A. How (not) to be Secular: Reading Charles Taylor. Grand Rapids: Eerdmands, 2014.

Stackhouse Jr., John G. Humble Apologetics: Defending Faith Today. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. Kindle.

Taylor, Justin. “Vanhoozer on Developing a Sanctified Imagination.” The Gospel Coalition. Maret 8, 2012. Diakses 24 Maret 2020. https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/blogs/justin-taylor/vanhoozer-on-developing-a-sanctified-imagination.

VanDrunnen, David. Natural Law and the Two Kingdoms: A Study in the Development of Reformed Social Thought. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2010.

Veith Jr., Gene Edward dan Matthew P. Ristuccia. Imagination Redeemed: Glorifying God with a Neglected Part of Your Body. Wheaton: Crossway, 2015.

Ward, Michael. “The Good Serves the Better and Both the Best: C. S. Lewis on Imagination and Reason in Apologetics.” Dalam Imaginative Apologetics: Theology, Philosophy, and the Catholic Tradition, diedit oleh Andrew Davison, 59–78. Grand Rapids: Baker Academics, 2011.

Wax, Trevin. “Mission in Secular Age: A Conversation with James K. A. Smith.” The Gospel Coalition. November 12, 2014. Diakses 24 Maret 2020. https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/blogs/trevin-wax/mission-in-a-secular-age-a-conversation-with-james-k-a-smith.

Zuidervaart, Lambert. Artistic Truth: Aesthetics, Discourse, and Imaginative Disclosure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.

Published

15-06-2021

How to Cite

Aruan, Abel Kristofel. “Imaginative Apologetics: A Proposal for Apologetics in Postmodern Context”. Veritas: Jurnal Teologi dan Pelayanan 20, no. 1 (June 15, 2021): 1–20. Accessed April 25, 2024. https://ojs.seabs.ac.id/index.php/Veritas/article/view/357.

Issue

Section

Articles